Grass inflorescence and spikelet culture: An appraisal

Summary Techniques of inflorescence and spikelet culture have been used for three major cereals. In maize, the influence of hormones on sexuality has been demonstrated. For wheat and barley the influence of supplying carbohydrate and nitrogen on grain content has been explored. Although in vitro seed setting is less efficient than in vivo the resulting grains, from optimal treatments, are in almost all respects normal or nearly so. Culture media to achieve this are precisely defined.In reviewing this work a major concern has been to highlight an elegant system of enquiry but at the same time to indicate the remarkably small area of interest to which it has been applied. As a prelude therefore to a consideration of the technical achievements, the range of spikelet form, and more particularly, function are examined. The aim is to encourage the application of inflorescence and spikelet culture to a much wider range of topics than hitherto.     

Plant transposable elements,with an emphasis on grass species

Transposable elements are presents in all known genomes so far, and have the faculty of changing their genomic location and/or number of copies within the genome. They are mobile endogenous genetic elements, with a large variety of structure and transposition mechanism. In crops, they compose the major part of the nucleic DNA, up to 80% in some cereals like maize and wheat. Despite their omnipresence, they are largely unknown and uncharacterized within the Poaceae family. In this review, we describe a possible classification of the elements present in this family, some of their known transposition mechanism, their known activity and possible action in crops, and their possible origin.     

Breeding Panicum maximum in Brazil. 1. Genetic resources,modes of reproduction and breeding procedures

Summary Apomixis is widely distributed among tropical forage grasses, and has long been merely regarded as an impediment to breeding. Panicum maximum is presented as the first opportunity for Brazilian geneticists to develop and test original breeding schemes adapted to an apomictic species.A large and representative germplasm of P. maximum has been introduced and is currently being evaluated. Basic knowledges on biology and reproduction are also available, which demonstrate an easy manipulation of apomixis and sexuality. Several limiting traits have already been detected during evaluation, which justify breeding attempts. An ideal scheme is given to transfer new qualities to already selected varieties.     

患出血病鲫鱼主要组织可溶性蛋白质变化的研究

采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)对正常和患出血病的鲫鱼心、肝、肾、鳃、脑、肌肉、肠、眼8种组织中可溶性蛋白质进行比较分析。结果表明：病鱼的心、肝、肾、鳃、脑、肌肉6种组织的蛋白质电泳谱带与正常鱼相比有较大变化，心和肾各缺失5条谱带；肝新诱导出1条谱带，另有1条谱带缺失；鳃中新诱导出2条谱带，有2条谱带缺失；脑中增加了4条新谱带，1条谱带缺失；肌肉新增5条谱带。说明鱼在遭受病原菌侵袭后，蛋白质的合成代谢受到较大影响。这些变化可作为辅助疾病诊断的生化指标。     

Disturbed Mendelian segregations at isozyme marker loci in early backcrosses of Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis hybrids to L. multiflorum

Summary The segregation of interspecific recombinant Festuca pratensis (Fp) alleles, introgressed into the germolasm of Lolium multiflorum (Lm), at four loci (PGI/2, AcP/2, GOT/3 and BAP) is described. Heterozygous (Lm/Fp) plants were backcrossed to L. multiflorum (2n=2×=14) and subsequent BC2 Lm/Fp sibling genotypes intercrossed.In crosses between BC1 heterozygous plants (Lm/Fp) used as males and L. multiflorum, there was a reduced transmission of the F. pratensis (Donor Parent) derived alleles in the populations with PGI/2 and AcP/2 marker loci compared to the reciprocal cross but the reduction was not significantly different in those with GOT/3 and BAP markers.Two PGI/2 marked BC2 half-sib families in particular exhibited a more extreme deficiency of Fp/Fp progeny plants than anticipated from the BC2 segregations indicating possible linkage to zygotic lethals. Deficiencies of F. pratensis alleles were, in most cases, less marked in BC2 half-sib families indicating that a further round of recombination had reduced the size of the introgressed chromosome segment or that deleterious linkages had been broken. A tendency towards heterozygote advantage was found in one BAP marked halfsib family.The significance for forage grass breeding of reduced transmission rates of Donor Parent alleles in early back-cross generations especially through the male gametes is discussed.     

转基因镜鲤精子保存及人工授精孵化试验研究

为提高鱼类的精子保存及授精孵化水平,对转基因镜鲤的精子在0.5%水解乳蛋白Hanks液中进行了常温(23℃)和冷藏(4℃)保存试验,并观察其活力及保持时间。结果表明,冷藏保存的精子不论其活力、活力持续时间及保存时间均好于常温保存的效果。对保存2d的精子进行了授精及孵化试验。结果表明,经保存的精子(2d)完全可以授精和孵化出苗。     

黄土高原地区草场效益多目标评价

本文从整个黄土高原地区草场的现状与发展战略的角度,运用多目标优化方法,对黄土高原11类草场资源进行综合评价,为合理有效地利用天然草场,发展畜牧业提供科学依据。     

大规模生态退耕对陕北丘陵沟壑区农村社会经济的影响——以县南沟和燕沟小流域为例

 为探讨大规模退耕对当地农村社会经济的影响,以快速农村评估法为理论基础,对县南沟和燕沟2条小流域1999年开展退耕还林还草工程以来,流域社会经济变化情况进行分析。结果表明,退耕虽造成当地粮食减产和粮食收入减少,但也促进了农业产业结构的调整和家庭收入的多元化。针对退耕负面效应,提出了解决思路。     

西藏自治区草地退化及防治对策

西藏自治区有各类草地面积8205.19万hm^2，占其土地面积的68.1%，约占我国草地面积的1／5，是我国西南地区重要生态屏障。由于生态环境的脆弱和人类不合理的利用，加之受全球气修变化等因素的影响，西藏草地出现不同程度的退化现象，草层高度降低，草地植被盖度减少，产草量下降，群落优势发生逆变的替，毒杂草增加，鼠虫害日趋严重，研究并提出了转变观念，树立草畜并重的指导思想；加强机构建设、依法管理草地；固定草地使用权、完善草畜有偿承包责任制；实现草地畜牧业由数量型向质量型、效益型转变；调速畜群结构，合理布局牧畜种群；开展草地畜牧业基础性研究和开发性研究等6项防治对策。     

Isozyme Banding Pattern and Estimation of Genetic Diversity among Guinea Grass Germplasm

Isozyme banding pattern was studied in Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), a widely cultivated grass having good fodder value. Similarity among 63 accessions collected from diverse sources was worked out using five enzyme systems (SOD, GOT, ACP, Esterase and Peroxidase) following horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Biochemical markers such as isozymes are useful supplements in identifying the genetic variation present in any crop. A total of 35 clear and unambiguous bands were used for analysis of which 8 bands were monomorphic. Polymorphism exhibited by 27 bands from all five enzyme systems indicate presence of considerable diversity in this species. The dendrogram generated after UPGMA and SAHN cluster analysis using Jaccard genetic distance showed that 63 accessions from diverse geographical locations could be grouped in three main clusters, of which two could further be divided into sub-clusters. Although the clusters comprised members from different locations, most of the accessions from similar geographical locations tended to cluster in same group.